Quartz Accelerometer Specification Properties

 An accelerometer is an instrument used to measure the acceleration of an object. It has a wide range of applications in many fields, including aerospace, automotive engineering, and sports medicine.

1. Sensitivity: for an instrument, the higher the sensitivity, the better, because the higher the sensitivity, the easier the acceleration changes in the surrounding environment, the greater the acceleration changes, the natural output voltage changes correspondingly larger, so that the measurement is easier, more convenient, and the measured data is more accurate. Ericco's quartz accelerometer ER-QA-03A has a scaling factor of 15-50ppm, bias repeatability is 10-50μg and Class II non-linearity repeatability is 10-30μg/g2.

2. Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the effective frequency band that the sensor can measure. For example, sensors with hundreds of Hertz bandwidths can measure vibrations; A sensor with a bandwidth of 50 Hz can effectively measure inclination.

3. Range: The range required to measure the movement of different objects is not the same. It should be measured according to the actual situation. The measuring range of the accelerometer is usually in the unit of gravitational acceleration (g), and the common range is +2g, +4g, +8g, etc. This means that an accelerometer can measure the acceleration of an object in any direction, whether it is negative (deceleration) or positive (acceleration).As a wide range accelerometer ER-QA-03B's capable of measuring up to ±70g

4. Measurement accuracy: It is also an important technical specification. Measurement accuracy is usually expressed in terms of displacement error or percentage error. For example, an accelerometer with an accuracy of +0.1g means that its measurement is within +0.1g of the true value. The higher the accuracy, the more accurate the measurement results.

5. Response time: Also a key metric. Response time refers to the time it takes for the accelerometer to receive a change in acceleration to produce a stable result. In general, the shorter the response time, the better, because it means the accelerometer can detect the acceleration change more quickly.

The technical specifications of the accelerometer include measurement range, measurement accuracy, response time, resolution, sampling rate, operating temperature range and interface type. These technical specifications determine the performance and reliability of the accelerometer in different application scenarios. When selecting and using accelerometers, we need to weigh these technical specifications according to the specific needs to obtain the best measurement results and performance.

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Differences in application scope of IMU and AHRS

System reference differences

The measurement reference system chosen by AHRS is the earth itself, and the location of its measurement object is also a specific geographical location. The inertial measurement unit is different in that it measures position and motion relative to a specific inertial reference frame, which can be a fixed point such as a house, building, or a uniform motion system. Conceptually, inertial units of measurement are more widely applicable because the reference point of the AHRS, the Earth, is also an inertial reference frame (not absolute, just the Earth). using the Sun as the inertial reference frame in the solar system).

System composition difference

Although the measuring elements of AHRS and IMU are basically the same, due to the different reference systems of AHRS, AHRS has more electronic compass than inertial measurement unit. When AHRS monitors motion trajectories and status, due to the time drift problem of the gyroscope, when integrating the rotation angle during motion, the error will become larger and larger as time goes by. Therefore, an electronic compass is needed to calibrate the geographical azimuth of movement in time.

The main difference between an inertial measurement unit  and an AHRS is the addition of an onboard processing system to an AHRS, which provides attitude and heading information, whereas an inertial measurement unit only transmits sensor data to additional equipment that calculates attitude and heading. In addition to attitude determination, AHRS can also form part of an inertial navigation system.

Nonlinear estimation forms such as the extended Kalman filter are often used to compute solutions from these multiple sources.

AHRS has proven to be highly reliable and is commonly used on commercial and business aircraft. AHRS is typically integrated with the electronic flight instrument system (EFIS), which is a core part of the so-called glass cockpit and forms the primary flight display. AHRS can be combined with an air data computer to form the Air Data, Attitude and Heading Reference System (ADAHRS), which provides additional information such as airspeed, altitude and outside air temperature.

Scope of application

AHRS is not as widely used as inertial measurement unit due to its choice of reference system. For example, the ER-MIMU-01 developed by Ericco uses high-quality and reliable MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes. It communicates with the outside via RS422. The baud rate can be flexibly set between 9600 and 921600. The communication baud required by the user is set through the communication protocol. Rate. Its application fields are relatively wide, and can be widely used in pointing, steering and guidance in advanced mining/drilling equipment, initial alignment of weapons/drone launch systems, direction pointing and tracking in satellite antennas and target tracking systems, Precision attitude and position measurement in navigation-grade MEMS IMU/INS, north-seeking positioning in geodesy/land mobile mapping systems, oil exploration, bridges, high-rise buildings, towers, dam monitoring, geotechnical monitoring, mining and many other fields. AHRS usually uses sensors such as electronic compasses to be used in aviation flight measurement, ground motor vehicle remote control, drone tracking and other fields. Since inertial measurement unit has a flexible reference system, inertial measurement is often used in oil exploration, drilling and production systems, mobile surveying and mapping systems, and attitude reference systems for vehicle and ship attitude measurement.

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Tilt Sensors for Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Tracking Systems

 

Tilt sensors are real-time measurements of the eye in solar photovoltaic tracking systems.

Solar power generation, divided into solar photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal power generation two, the current development of solar photovoltaic power generation faster, more rapid, is a rapid development of the field, currently China, the United States, Europe, Japan, India, Australia and other countries, the rapid development, Ericco has developed more than a dozen different types of tilt sensors for photovoltaic tracking systems to meet customers in different countries.

Solar photovoltaic tracking system composition:

1. Solar photovoltaic tracking system is generally composed of tilt sensor, motor, worm gear and controller. According to the specific application, solar photovoltaic tracking system is divided into horizontal single-axis photovoltaic tracking system, oblique single-axis photovoltaic tracking system, two-axis photovoltaic tracking system, which can not only comprehensively improve the power generation of the power station, but also adapt to local conditions, and better adapt to various complex terrain and application scenarios.

2. The solar photovoltaic tracking system needs to adjust the tilt angle of the solar photovoltaic panel, so that the solar photovoltaic panel can be adjusted in time according to the changes in the movement of the sun, so that the sun rays are always vertically illuminated on the solar photovoltaic panel to obtain the maximum solar radiation.

3. Although the angle of the sun varies widely during the day, the angle of the sun is almost constant at a certain time. The system can calculate the local sun's orientation and angle information every day of the year according to the local latitude and longitude, and the information is stored in the controller's software, so that the angle information of the photovoltaic panel measured by the inclination sensor can be compared with the angle information of the sun stored by the controller, and then the control motor can adjust the photovoltaic panel at that time for the best position.

4. The ER-TS-3160VO tilt sensor, as the eye of real-time measurement in the solar photovoltaic tracking system, is one of the key equipment to optimize the solar reception rate. The accuracy of the inclination sensor has certain requirements, Ericco self-developed inclination sensor is currently on the market has been mature application in a number of solar photovoltaic projects, the use of industrial devices stable performance, high reliability, and with anti-touch, anti-misconnection protection function, anti-wind sand, anti-salt spray anti-ultraviolet, Fully consider the complex application scenarios of solar photovoltaic.

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The Role of Quartz Accelerometer in Surveying and Mapping Field

 

 With the completion of the construction of surveying and mapping equipment systems such as satellite navigation and positioning system platform, modern surveying and mapping reference system infrastructure, aerospace remote sensing image rapid acquisition platform, advanced field surveying and mapping technology and equipment, geographic information data processing technology and equipment, and geographic information data exchange and transmission service network, the surveying and mapping industry has entered the stage of information surveying and mapping.

High precision inertial system is an important support of information surveying and mapping system. Therefore, it is particularly important to select suitable high-precision equipment. The designed accelerometer not only meets the measurement requirements in terms of accuracy, but also has the characteristics of small size. For example, ER-QA-03A not only reaches 10-50μg in zero bias stability, but also can reach 10-30μg/g2 and 15-50 PPM in second-order nonlinearity and scale factor, respectively.

Geographic surveying and mapping technology plays a key role in geological exploration and resource exploitation. Through surface survey and underground exploration, the distribution of underground mineral resources and geological structure information can be obtained, which provides scientific basis for mineral exploration and resource development. Geological and geophysical survey is an important part of oil and gas exploration. These surveys provide valuable information about subsurface geology and help identify potential oil and gas resources.

The data acquisition methods of information surveying and mapping include traditional surveying, aerial photogrammetry, satellite remote sensing and liDAR surveying. In addition to traditional mapping methods, other modern mapping methods require the support of flight control systems or optical stabilization systems based on high-precision inertial measurement units, so that the vehicle can acquire clear images during the dynamic process. In order to ensure the collection of accurate data information, the accuracy and precision of the mapping equipment is critical. 

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Tilt Sensors for Tunnel Boring Machines

 

The tilt sensor is an important part of all parts of the full section tunnel boring machine. It can measure the tilt angle of the body of the shield machine and the tilt angle of the mining cavity, and calculate the distance of the mining deviation through a series of complex operations, which plays a very important role in correcting the guidance. 

In the past, the drilling and blasting method is widely used in mountain tunnel hard rock tunneling, but under the same conditions, the tunneling speed of the full section tunnel boring machine is about 8 times that of the drilling and blasting method, which has the advantages of high efficiency, fast, high quality, safety, economy and environmental protection.

The driving principle of hard rock tunnel boring machine is that the knife rotates and the pressure hob acts on the tunnel palm surface. The hob rotates on the palm surface to loosen the surrounding rock. The excavated stone slag is collected by the side scraper and enters the belt conveyor through the slag bucket, and then the belt conveyor transports the stone slag along the boring machine to the end, and finally the stone slag is loaded onto the slag truck for transport.

The slightest difference is a thousand miles, some tunnels are very long, and the small gap may be a trouble in the later period, so the accuracy of the tunnel boring machine is very high. Not only that, the tunnel environment is humid, the temperature difference is different, and the vibration of the tunnel boring machine is strong.

The ER-TS-3266DI tilt sensor produced by Ericco fully considers the above situation, especially optimized circuit protection and program protection in vibration resistance, so as not to make the sensor unable to work because of excessive vibration. After testing, the long-term stability reaches 0.05° and has a high resolution of 0.0025°, with IP67 waterproof grade, which can be used in underground humid environment, and the wide temperature working -40~+ 85°C can also meet most practical conditions. It can be seen that the ER-TS-3266DI tilt sensor produced by Ericco is competent for the role of the boring machine direction test control, and its performance parameters are as follows:

① Range +15°, +30°

② Wide voltage input 9~36V

③ Wide temperature operation -40~ +85°C

④ High vibration resistance>20000g

⑤ High resolution 0.0025°

⑥ Waterproof grade IP67, strong ability to resist external electromagnetic interference.

⑦ can be adjusted and set for vibration suppression on site.

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What sensors are inside the IMU and how do they work?

Inertial measurement units typically consist of three different types of sensors. The first type of sensor is an accelerometer, which measures acceleration, or the rate at which an object accelerates or decelerates. While there are many different sensor technologies for accelerometers, by far the most common for wearable applications is MEMS (microelectromechanical systems). MEMS are sensor systems composed of electrical and mechanical components, typically etched from micron-sized silicon.

Whenever the MEMS accelerometer experiences acceleration, the proof mass also experiences that acceleration. An etched spring set resists this acceleration. Using Hooke’s law (spring force is proportional to the distance the spring is compressed) and Newton’s second law (force is proportional to acceleration), check that the distance a mass moves is proportional to the acceleration it experiences (see figure below). This movement is sensed using the electrical properties of capacitance, which is related to the distance between two conductors. A set of electronics is then able to measure the change in capacitance, calibrate the signal, and further process it to give acceleration.

The second type of sensor in an Inertial measurement unitis a gyroscope, which measures angular velocity, or the speed and direction of an object’s rotation or spin. Gyroscopes also typically use MEMS technology, although they are more complex than MEMS accelerometers. The main physical phenomenon used in gyroscopes is the Coriolis effect, which describes the forces involved when an object moves in a rotating reference frame.

MEMS gyroscopes have masses that reciprocate at a constant frequency. During the rotation of the gyroscope, due to the Coriolis effect, the mass will induce a force perpendicular to the direction of the reciprocating motion. This force is counteracted by an etched spring and sensed by a capacitive sensing arm such as an accelerometer. Signal processing electronics then process the change in capacitance relative to the reciprocating motion of the resonant mass

The final sensor commonly found in Inertial measurement units is a magnetometer, which measures the strength of a magnetic field and acts somewhat like a digital compass. Most magnetometers use the Hall effect to measure magnetic field strength. The basic premise of a magnetometer is that electrons moving in a conductor are deflected by the magnetic field to which the conductor is exposed. When charges pass through a conducting plate in a magnetic field, the magnetic field deflects the electrons to one side of the conducting plate. As more negative charge builds up on one side of the plate and more positive charge builds up on the other side of the plate, there is a measurable voltage between the two sides of the plate that is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.

Generally,Inertial measurement units on the market are divided into laser IMUs, fiber optic IMUs, and MEMS IMUs. Laser IMU has high cost, high precision, and large size. It is widely used in the military. It is a technology for positioning moving objects and guiding them to their destination safely, accurately, and economically. Fiber optic IMUs are medium in cost, large in size, and relatively medium in accuracy. MEMS generally refers to micron systems of 1um to 100um, or systems with outline dimensions on the millimeter level and component sizes on the order of microns. MEMS-IMU is an inertial measurement unit based on MEMS technology. It is divided into tactical grade and navigation grade, with low precision and small size. Several high-precision, small size, light weight, low cost, and high-performance MESM IMUs have recently appeared on the market. For example, Ericco’s newly developed tactical-grade ER-MIMU03 and ER-MIMU07 and navigation-grade ER-MIMU01 and ER-MIMU05 are small in size, light in weight, low in cost, high in performance, and use high-performance north seeking. Among them, the MEMS gyroscope (ER-MG2-100), can reach 0.1°/h. The accuracy is more accurate than the lowest-precision IMUs of many large companies, and can better reflect its high performance in complex environments.

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Bias and Scale Factor Repeatability of Quartz Accelerometers

 At present, quartz flexible accelerometer is widely used in inertial navigation system, and is one of the important measurement sensitive components in the precision guidance of inertial navigation system. Its working principle is to convert the sensitive acceleration of the carrier into the corresponding electrical value and transmit it to the navigation control computer, and then obtain the displacement value of various attitude of the carrier after integral calculation. The stability of quartz flexible accelerometer also directly affects the stability of inertial navigation system. By analyzing the output model of the quartz flexible accelerometer, it is found that the main factors affecting the stability of the quartz flexible accelerometer are the index of offset value and scale factor.

  The stability of the quartz flexible accelerometer is the main factor of the system (or device) with the quartz flexible accelerometer as the main sensor. If the stability of the quartz flexible accelerometer is good, its calibration period is longer, and the calibration period of the system (or device) can be correspondingly longer. In the application process of quartz flexible accelerometer, the main factors affecting the stability of the quartz flexible accelerometer are the stability of the offset value and the scale factor. In view of these two important factors, the quartz accelerometer products introduced by Ericco have good bias and scale factor stability. Take

ER-QA-03A as an example. its bias repeatability is 10-50μg,scale factor repeatability is 15-50 PPM and class II non-linearity repeatability is. Its bias repeatability is 10-50μg,scale factor repeatability is 15-50 PPM and class II non-linearity repeatability is 10 to 30 mu g/g2.

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