Brief Introduction of Accelerometer

 

An accelerometer is an instrument that measures acceleration. Acceleration measurement is an important subject in engineering technology. When the object has a large acceleration, the object and the instruments and equipment carried by it and other objects without relative acceleration are subjected to forces that can produce the same large acceleration, that is, dynamic loads. To know the dynamic load, you need to measure the acceleration.

There are many types of accelerometers. Micro-mechanical accelerometers, also known as silicon accelerometers, are now widely used. The principle of sensing acceleration is the same as that of general accelerometers. According to the different reading elements, micro-mechanical accelerometers are classified into piezoresistive accelerometers, capacitive accelerometers, resonant beam accelerometers, and electrostatic force balanced accelerometers. The micro-mechanical accelerometer is small in size, easy to install, simple in measurement method, low in cost and strong in anti-overload capability, and satisfies the requirements for the structure and space limitation of the micro-mini aircraft.

Accelerometers consist of test masses (also called sensitive masses), supports, potentiometers, springs, dampers, and housings.  The detected mass is constrained by the support and can only move along the axis, which is often called the input axis or the sensitive axis. According to the number of input shafts, there are single-axis, dual-axis and triaxial accelerometers.

With the development of MEMS technology, inertial sensor is one of the most widely used MEMS devices, and micro-accelerometer is an outstanding representative of inertial sensor. The theoretical basis of the microaccelerometer is Newton’s second law, according to the basic principles of physics, within a system, the speed cannot be measured, but its acceleration can be measured. If the initial velocity is known, the linear velocity can be calculated by integrating, and the linear displacement can then be calculated. Combined with a gyroscope (used to measure angular velocity), the object can be precisely positioned. The high-precision MEMS accelerometer ER-MA-5 has a bias stability of 5 ug and a monthly bias repeatability of 100-300 ug.

Application

Car safety system

Accelerometers play an important role in automobile safety system. For example, when a car is in a collision, the accelerometer can detect changes in the vehicle’s acceleration and send signals to the airbag system to inflate it at the appropriate time, protecting the driver and passengers. In addition, accelerometers can also be used in vehicle stability control systems to help vehicles in emergency situations. Keep it steady.

Aerospace

Accelerometers are also widely used in the aerospace field. During a rocket launch, for example, an accelerometer can measure changes in the rocket’s acceleration to help control the trajectory of the rocket. In addition, the accelerometer can also be used in the aircraft’s autopilot system to help maintain stability.For example, the ER-QA-03A accelerometers commonly used in the aerospace field have a  bias stability of 10-50μg, and the Scale factor repeatability is 15-50ppm.

The existing problems and development trend 

The advancement of MEMS technology and the improvement of technological level also bring new opportunities to the development of micromechanical accelerometers. By understanding the research dynamics of micromechanical accelerometers at home and abroad, there are several development trends of micromechanical accelerometers in the future:

1. The  micromechanical  accelerometer with high resolution and large range has become the focus of research. Because the inertial mass block is relatively small, the inertial force used to measure acceleration and angular velocity is correspondingly small, and the sensitivity of the system is relatively low, so it is particularly important to develop a high-sensitivity accelerometer.

2. The development of multi-axis accelerometers has become a new direction. The inertial measurement combination has six output variables, three of which are mutually positive accelerations on the X, Y, and Z axes. There have been literature reports on the development of triaxial micro-silicon accelerometers, and the methods used are different, but its performance is still a long way from practical, and the structural design of multi-axis accelerometers is still a difficult point.

3. small temperature drift, small hysteresis effect has become a new performance target. The accuracy of micromachined accelerometers can be greatly improved by selecting suitable materials, adopting reasonable structure and applying new low-cost temperature compensation link.

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 What sensors are inside the IMU and how do they work?

Inertial measurement units typically consist of three different types of sensors. The first type of sensor is an accelerometer, which measures acceleration, or the rate at which an object accelerates or decelerates. While there are many different sensor technologies for accelerometers, by far the most common for wearable applications is MEMS (microelectromechanical systems). MEMS are sensor systems composed of electrical and mechanical components, typically etched from micron-sized silicon.

Whenever the MEMS accelerometer experiences acceleration, the proof mass also experiences that acceleration. An etched spring set resists this acceleration. Using Hooke’s law (spring force is proportional to the distance the spring is compressed) and Newton’s second law (force is proportional to acceleration), check that the distance a mass moves is proportional to the acceleration it experiences (see figure below). This movement is sensed using the electrical properties of capacitance, which is related to the distance between two conductors. A set of electronics is then able to measure the change in capacitance, calibrate the signal, and further process it to give acceleration.

The second type of sensor in an Inertial measurement unitis a gyroscope, which measures angular velocity, or the speed and direction of an object’s rotation or spin. Gyroscopes also typically use MEMS technology, although they are more complex than MEMS accelerometers. The main physical phenomenon used in gyroscopes is the Coriolis effect, which describes the forces involved when an object moves in a rotating reference frame.

MEMS gyroscopes have masses that reciprocate at a constant frequency. During the rotation of the gyroscope, due to the Coriolis effect, the mass will induce a force perpendicular to the direction of the reciprocating motion. This force is counteracted by an etched spring and sensed by a capacitive sensing arm such as an accelerometer. Signal processing electronics then process the change in capacitance relative to the reciprocating motion of the resonant mass (see figure below).

The final sensor commonly found in Inertial measurement units is a magnetometer, which measures the strength of a magnetic field and acts somewhat like a digital compass. Most magnetometers use the Hall effect to measure magnetic field strength. The basic premise of a magnetometer is that electrons moving in a conductor are deflected by the magnetic field to which the conductor is exposed. When charges pass through a conducting plate in a magnetic field, the magnetic field deflects the electrons to one side of the conducting plate. As more negative charge builds up on one side of the plate and more positive charge builds up on the other side of the plate, there is a measurable voltage between the two sides of the plate that is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.

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Ericco’s Tilt Sensor Successfully Realizes Three Screen Display

 

Ericco’s sensor R & D department successfully achieved the tilt sensor data in the mobile phone screen, touch screen and computer screen display at the same time, it is reported that this is the first time to achieve the domestic attitude angle sensor data in the three terminals at the same time display, representing the domestic industry data display and control technology.

A major feature of the three screens is that the three terminals can be operated as the control terminal, can read the historical data detected by the tilt sensor, can be downloaded and stored through the U disk, can achieve the observation data curve, can set the relative zero (such as ER-TS-3160VO tilt sensor), etc., powerful, easy to control.

Ericco sensor R & D department in the high-precision sensor design, dynamic sensor research and development, digital display and control technology and other fields to pursue excellence, courage to explore, continuous innovation.

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Features of Quartz Flexible Accelerometer

 

With the development of low-cost inertial systems, a new type of non-liquid floating so-called dry accelerometer began to appear in the mid-1960s. Because this instrument uses flexible support technology, it is called quartz flexible accelerometer, and its structure and process are greatly simplified. This kind of quartz flexible accelerometer has been widely used in various modern inertial systems.

Quartz flexible accelerometer with high precision, high stability, high temperature, small size and so on, is the physical sensitive measurement control products, including acceleration, speed, distance, swing, vibration, tilt, etc. According to these characteristics are used for inertial navigation and guidance.

So what are the features of thequartz flexible accelerometer?

1. The flexible strut is made of whole quartz material, without hysteresis, friction, elastic aftereffect, aging and deterioration not affected by temperature

2. It does not require temperature control to match the properties of the quartz material with the low expansion alloy.

3. It is not affected by temperature change by using the gas film damping

4. The signal is insulated from the shell so that the work does not cause influence and interference.

5. The torque device is used as magnetic steel for the push-pull of the torque device. Therefore, the magnetic stability and the torque rate are large, the time constant is small, and the thermal stability is good.

6. The differential capacitive sensor has a good shielding method because of its small size and high sensitivity

7. The design of servo circuit is advanced, integrated and reliable

8. The power level constant current output can change the sampling resistance to adjust the scale factor in the larger range

9. A large amount of adhesive technology has good reliability and environmental resistance, so it has high requirements for adhesive materials and adhesion process

10. In the servo circuit, the double voltage power supply, the triangular wave transmitter and the various terminal terminals are used for self-check, offset compensation and calibration, so it is convenient to use.

The quartz flexible accelerometer uses high-quality quartz crystals to achieve high precision acceleration measurement with extremely high reliability and stability. Its special flexible construction enables it to adapt to high acceleration applications under various environmental conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure and high vibration environments. For example, High Performance Quartz Accelerometer ER-QA-03 A bias repeatability :10-50ug, scale coefficient repeatability :15-50ppm, Class II nonlinear repeatability :10-30μg/g2, and can work at -45°C~85°C environment.

In addition to being widely used in aerospace and military fields, quartz flexible accelerometers are also widely used in automotive, medical and scientific research fields. In the automotive sector, they can help automakers improve the performance and safety of their vehicles while improving their fuel efficiency. In the medical field, quartz flexible accelerometers can be used to monitor and diagnose human movement and physiological processes. In the field of scientific research, they can be used to study earthquakes, crustal movements, cosmology, and microgravity environments.

Installation Method and use of Tilt Sensor

 

The tilt sensor is a kind of attitude angle sensor, which is mainly used in the level detection of the state of the object, and it also has the measurement of the angle. Front inclination sensors are mainly divided into several categories, there are single-axis tilt sensor and dual-axis tilt sensor, and the use of tilt sensor principle made of tilt meter.

The selection of inclination sensor is relatively concise for the sensor, as far as the dual-axis inclination sensor is concerned, it has many characteristics, and the product is only the measurement of a small angle, and in the same environment

They have different personalities. When choosing the inclination sensor, we must first of all according to your measurement environment, the harsh environment and size requirements must consider whether to use the protection of the shell. Secondly, the measurement accuracy and range of the inclination sensor are considered, in general, the biaxial inclination sensor can be selected in 360 degrees, and the measurement accuracy and output are based on the data value. When choosing an inclination sensor, it is important to pay attention to the environmental problems you use, which will affect the measurement effectiveness of most inclination sensors in different environments, and even some inclination sensors will lose their effect in a certain environment.

ER-TS-12200-Modbus Tilt sensor installation is a certain skill, the general tilt sensor will have a built-in zero adjustment, the user can customize the zero adjustment button according to the requirements, so as to realize the current set of angle zero performance. Before the installation of the inclination sensor, it is necessary to determine your installation position and what angle you need to measure is relative to which plane, for example, in the relative angle of a plane, the installation only needs to fix the sensor in a certain plane, and the zero button is used to achieve zero clearing performance before measurement, so that the main character is convenient to read the angle and reduce the unnecessary error.

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Current status and development trends of MEMS IMU

The MEMS sensor market is expanding rapidly, and MEMS technology is changing with each passing day. As the demand for MEMS sensors continues to grow, new innovative MEMS sensors will emerge and drive market growth. MEMS IMU has changed the development trend of the sensor industry with its small size, low power consumption, and high precision. It is manufactured using micromachining technology and can mass-produce small and complex devices. Its market is growing rapidly and is expected to reach US$21.145 billion by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate of 6.85% from 2023 to 2031. Can be used in multiple industries, such as oil logging, aerospace, drones, mining, surveying, etc., even in the fields of autonomous driving and medical care. In the field of oil logging, in the aerospace field, MEMS IMU is used in navigation systems, flight control systems and environmental control systems. In the mining and surveying world, MEMS IMUs are used in mining equipment and surveying vehicles. In the automotive field, MEMS IMUs are used in airbag deployment systems, anti-lock braking systems and tire pressure monitoring systems. Additionally, MEMS IMUs can be used in implantable medical devices, drug delivery systems, robotics, and more.

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What Is IMU On Drone？

When it comes to flying a drone, it's crucial to understand the complex technology that powers it. An important component that plays a vital role in the stability and performance of a drone is the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The IMU is a critical sensor system that provides critical information to a drone’s flight controller, allowing it to maintain stability, maneuver effectively, and perform a variety of flight maneuvers.

As drone technology continues to advance, the need for precise flight control becomes even more important. The IMU acts as the “brain” of the drone, constantly monitoring and adjusting its position, orientation and movement. By utilizing a combination of sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, the IMU can accurately measure the drone's acceleration, rotation rate, and magnetic field. This data is then processed by the flight controller to make real-time adjustments and maintain stable flight.

What is an IMU?

The Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is an important component of DJI drones, responsible for collecting and providing basic data about the drone's movement and orientation. It is essentially a combination of sensors that work together to capture and measure various parameters of the drone’s movement.

IMUs consist of three main types of sensors: accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. Accelerometers measure linear acceleration, allowing the drone to determine the speed and direction of its movement. Gyroscopes, on the other hand, measure angular velocity, providing information about the drone's rotation and orientation in three-dimensional space. Finally, the magnetometer detects the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field, helping the drone determine its compass heading.

By collecting data from these sensors, the IMU provides vital information to the flight controller, which is essentially the “brain” of the drone. The flight controller uses this data to make real-time adjustments to the drone's motors, ensuring stability, control and precise navigation.

It is worth noting that IMUs have become increasingly complex in recent years due to technological advances. DJI drones are equipped with high-performance IMUs that provide precise and reliable measurements for responsive flight control in a variety of conditions.

In summary, the IMU on a drone is a complex system of sensors that work together to provide data about the drone's movement and orientation. By utilizing accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, the IMU ensures stability, control and accuracy of flight.

The importance of IMU for drones

The IMU on a drone plays a vital role in ensuring stable flight and precise control. Without a functioning IMU, drone performance may be affected, resulting in erratic flight behavior and potential safety hazards. Let’s explore the key reasons why an IMU is crucial for DJI drones.

1. Enhance stability: The IMU continuously collects data on the movement, direction and position of the drone. The flight controller then uses this data to make on-the-fly adjustments to the drone's motors and stabilize its flight. By proactively monitoring and correcting deviations, the IMU helps maintain stable and smooth flight, even in challenging weather conditions or turbulent airspace.

2. Precise navigation: Knowing the exact location and direction of the drone is crucial for safe navigation. The IMU provides the flight controller with precise measurements of acceleration, rotation, and magnetic fields, allowing the drone to accurately determine its position relative to its starting point. This enables drones to navigate with precision, follow flight plans and perform complex maneuvers with confidence.

3. Sensitive control: A well-calibrated IMU ensures that the flight control receives accurate data about the drone's attitude, angular velocity and acceleration. This information enables the drone to respond quickly and accurately to the pilot's commands, allowing for smooth and controlled movement. Whether capturing cinematic footage or executing precise flight paths, the role of the IMU in mobility cannot be overstated.

4. Fault detection and redundancy: DJI drones use advanced IMU systems and use redundancy measures to improve reliability. In the event of sensor malfunction or malfunction, redundant sensors in the IMU can compensate for the loss, ensuring critical flight data remains available. This redundancy feature adds an extra layer of safety, as any potential issues with one sensor can be mitigated by other sensors in the IMU system.

Overall, the IMU is an important part of the UAV, providing important data for stable flight, precise navigation, response control and fault detection. It's an integral part of your drone's safety and performance system, ensuring pilots of all skill levels have a smooth, enjoyable flight experience.If you want to know more about imu's products, please click the link below to contact us, and we will have professional personnel connect with you.

 

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