Why and Where are Tilt Sensors Used

 

1. Why do people monitor tilt angles?

The world is constantly changing, and the tendencies of different objects and machines can provide insight into worrying trends and potential future problems. There are many reasons why people need to monitor the Angle or degree of inclination.

Avoid accidents and injuries
One reason is that it can help prevent injuries and avoid accidents. When people work on the slope, they need to pay attention to the Angle of the slope to ensure that they do not slip. If the Angle is too steep, it can cause an avalanche, which is very dangerous.

Ensure the normal operation of the device
Another reason to monitor the tilt Angle, or tilt, is to make sure the equipment is working properly. For example, if a machine is not level, it may not work properly. This can be dangerous for the person using the device and the people around it.

2. Where can the tilt sensor be used?

Tilt sensors can be used in many applications, such as the Marine industry, construction industry, infrastructure monitoring, etc.

Marine industry
Tilt sensors can be used on ships to measure ship roll and pitch. This information can be used to improve the stability of the ship and avoid capsizing.
Construction industry
In many construction machines, such as excavators and bulldozers, tilt sensors can be used to measure the Angle of the machine blade or bucket. This information can be used to automatically adjust the position of the blade or bucket, or to provide feedback to the operator.
Infrastructure monitoring
Tilt sensors can be used to monitor the status of infrastructure such as Bridges and buildings and alert authorities to potential hazards, such as leaning towers. By continuously monitoring the tilt of the structure, the sensors can detect even the smallest changes that could indicate a problem. In the event of a potential accident, sensors can provide critical information that can be used to evacuate people and take other safety measures.
Tree bend monitoring
Some trees may fall after storms, typhoons or other natural disasters. Tilt sensors can be installed at a certain height on these trees to monitor their x, y, and z values in real time. This can provide insights into tree tilt and movement and help make timely, effective decisions to protect trees and people.
Gate monitoring
In car parking lots and parking garages, the normal operation of road gates is crucial to the normal toll collection. The tilt sensor can be installed in the guardrail housing, especially suitable for the guardrail Angle measurement and movement detection, to determine whether the guardrail is dropped, bent or broken, if there is a trigger alarm, so that maintenance personnel can take measures in time. Ensure regular charges.

3. Summary

Ericco's ER-TS-12200-Modbus precision up to 0.001°, the use of advanced Internet of Things technology Bluetooth and ZigBee(optional) wireless transmission technology, all internal circuits are optimized design, using industrial MCU, three-proof PCB board, imported cables, wide temperature metal shell and other measures, Improve the industrial level of products. Good long-term stability, zero drift small, can automatically enter low-power sleep mode, get rid of the dependence on the use of the environment, equipped with IP67-rated housing, so that it can withstand harsh conditions and still work normally. The optimized internal design of multi-layer structure, sealing ring, and three anti-coating further enhances the waterproof and dustproof capability.

The ER-TS-3160VO voltage uniaxial tilt sensor is an analog voltage uniaxial tilt sensor. The user only needs to collect the sensor voltage value to calculate the tilt Angle of the current object. The built-in (MEMS) solid pendulum measures changes in the static gravity field, converts them into changes in inclination, and outputs them via voltage (0~10V, 0.5~4.5V, 0~5V optional). The product adopts the non-contact measurement principle and can output the current attitude and inclination Angle in real time. If you would like more technical data, please feel free to contact us.

IMU calibration method and calibration process

 https://www.ericcointernational.com/application/imu-calibration-method-and-calibration-process.html

1.Introduction and importance of IMU

IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) is an inertial measurement unit, which is a device used to measure the angular velocity and acceleration of objects in three-dimensional space. The IMU consists of three gyroscopes and three accelerometers, which are used to measure the angular velocity and acceleration of an object on three orthogonal axes. Because IMU can provide continuous attitude and position information, it is widely used in many fields, such as navigation, drones, robots, augmented reality, etc.

 

Accurate calibration of the IMU is of great significance for improving the navigation and positioning accuracy of the system. The calibration process can help us understand the error characteristics of the IMU, and then compensate for it through algorithms to improve measurement accuracy.

 

2.Calibration methods and classification

The calibration methods of IMU are mainly divided into two categories: static calibration and dynamic calibration. Static calibration is mainly used to evaluate the zero bias and scale factor error of the IMU, while dynamic calibration is mainly used to evaluate the nonlinear error and coupling error of the IMU.

 

3.Static calibration method

The static calibration method is usually carried out in a static state. By collecting the static data of the IMU in different directions, its zero bias and scale factor error are calculated. This method is simple and easy to implement, but it cannot evaluate the nonlinear error and coupling error of the IMU.

The main steps of the static calibration method:

 

3.1 Zero offset calibration

3.1.1 Place the IMU on a horizontal platform and keep it stationary to ensure that the IMU is free from external forces.

3.1.2 Record accelerometer and gyroscope output data for a period of time. For three-axis accelerometers and three-axis gyroscopes, the output data on each axis needs to be recorded separately.

3.1.3 For the accelerometer and gyroscope data on each axis, calculate the average. This average value is the zero offset parameter on this axis. The zero offset parameter reflects the output offset of the IMU without external force.

 

3.2 Scaling factor calibration

3.2.1 Place the IMU in a reference system with known acceleration and angular velocity. This reference system can provide accurate acceleration and angular velocity data for comparison with the IMU output data.

3.2.2 Record the output data of the IMU and reference system. These data should include values for acceleration and angular velocity.

3.2.3 Calculate the scale factor parameters based on the known acceleration and angular velocity and the output data of the IMU. The scale factor parameter reflects the proportional relationship between the IMU output value and the actual value.

 

4.Dynamic calibration method

The dynamic calibration method needs to be carried out in a dynamic environment. By collecting the data of the IMU in a moving state, its nonlinear error and coupling error can be evaluated. This method can more comprehensively evaluate the error characteristics of the IMU, but the operation is relatively complex.

 

5.Calibration data processing

Calibration data processing is an important part of the calibration process, which mainly includes data preprocessing, error model establishment, parameter estimation and other steps. Data preprocessing mainly involves filtering and smoothing the original data to reduce the impact of noise. The establishment of the error model is based on the error characteristics of the IMU and selecting an appropriate error model to describe its error behavior. Parameter estimation uses optimization algorithms to solve the parameters in the error model.

 

6.Evaluation of calibration results

The evaluation of calibration results mainly evaluates the calibration effect by comparing the data before and after calibration. Evaluation indicators usually include the root mean square value of error, maximum error, minimum error, etc. If the error after calibration is significantly reduced, it means the calibration is effective.

7.Precautions and Tips

 

When performing IMU calibration, you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. Ensure the calibration environment is stable and avoid external interference.
2. Choose an appropriate calibration method and select an appropriate error model according to actual needs.
3. During the calibration process, keep the IMU in a fixed posture to prevent it from moving or rotating.
4. Calibration data must be sufficient to improve the accuracy of parameter estimation.

Summarize

IMU calibration is widely used in many fields, such as drone navigation, robot positioning, augmented reality, etc. With the development of technology, the accuracy and stability of IMUs continue to improve, and its application scope continues to expand. In the future, with the emergence of new IMU sensors and calibration methods, IMU calibration will be more accurate and efficient, providing strong support for the development of related fields. ERICCO's independently developed product MEMS IMU, such as ER-MIMU-01, accurately calibrates the IMU and improves the navigation and positioning accuracy of the system. If you want to learn about or purchase MEMS IMU, please contact us.

What is the Difference Between MEMS and FOG IMU?

 The IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) combines accelerometers, gyroscopes, and other sensors such as magnetometers to provide information on the direction, rotation, and motion of objects ranging from smartphones to spacecraft.

The two most common types of IMUs are built around microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology and fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) technology. Let's take a look at these two.

1. Fiber Optic Gyroscope (FOG) IMU

As the name suggests, FOG is a type of IMU that uses optical fibers to measure the angular speed or rotation rate of any object.
Due to the low noise of fiber optic gyroscopes, this technology has been widely used in demanding navigation applications.
Fogs are inherently more accurate and stable than MEMS-based systems, which makes them preferred for scenarios where GNSS signals are not available (such as mining and underwater applications) or where GNSS rejection may occur. Another notable feature of FOG is its fast north finding capability. Even if the IMU itself is moving, the FOG IMU can measure the angular rotation of the Earth and achieve a heading in just a few minutes.
FOG gyro compasses have no moving parts, which makes them better able to withstand vibration and shock than MEMS gyro compasses. This means they are well suited for applications that may experience strong vibration levels, such as mining, defense, surface ships and aerospace.

2. Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) IMU

MEMS accelerometers detect linear acceleration and can then be used to calculate speed and distance. MEMS gyroscopes detect rotational motion and are typically used to determine heading and/or attitude (roll and pitch). When the data from the accelerometer and gyroscope are combined over time, the position of the object relative to its starting point can be calculated.
Due to their small size, mainstream manufacturing processes, common materials, and widespread adoption, MEMS IMUs are, on average, smaller, lighter, lower power, and more affordable than their FOG counterparts. However, because MEMS IMUs contain more micromechanical components and are more sensitive to temperature fluctuations, they tend to be less accurate and noisier than their fiber optic counterparts. If accurate location data is needed over an extended period of time, MEMS IMUs are often used in conjunction with GNSS receivers or other sensor technologies that provide supplementary location information.
MEMS IMUs are ideal for situations of low size, weight, power consumption and cost. Applications include mobile phones, vehicle navigation systems, autonomous ground vehicles, flying drones and robotic systems.

3. Here are the main differences between FOG IMU and MEMS IMU:

Technology:
FOG IMU uses a fiber optic gyroscope, using the principle of light interference in the fiber.
MEMS IMU uses MEMS systems with accelerometers and gyroscopes based on micromachining technology.

Working criteria:
FOG IMU measures motion by detecting the phase shift of light in the fiber coil due to rotation.
MEMS IMU utilizes the deflection of microstructure due to acceleration or rotation to measure motion.

Accuracy:
FOG IMU offers higher accuracy and precision than MEMS IMU. This makes them especially useful in cases where users rely on IMUs for long periods of time: accurate systems can calculate a location close to the real one even after a few hours.

Size and shape:
FOG IMUs are typically larger and heavier and are typically used in large systems such as aerospace and defense applications.
MEMS IMUs are smaller and more compact, making them suitable for integration into smaller devices such as consumer electronics.

Cost:
FOG IMU is more expensive due to its higher accuracy, highly specialized internal components, and sophisticated advanced manufacturing processes.
MEMS IMUs are generally more cost effective than FOG IMUs, making them widely used in consumer products.

Energy consumption:
FOG IMU consumes more power, which is less important in applications such as land vehicles and aircraft with readily available power supplies.
MEMS IMUs typically have low power consumption, making them suitable for portable and battery-powered devices.

Applications:
FOG IMU is commonly used in aerospace, defense, Marine navigation, and other high-precision applications, especially in situations where GNSS is not available or reliable, such as underground mining or military environments.
MEMS IMUs can be used in smartphones, gaming devices, drones, and a variety of consumer electronics that require motion sensing.

Robustness:
FOG IMU is more robust and stable, making it better suited for particularly harsh and demanding environments.
MEMS IMUs can be susceptible to environmental factors such as extreme temperatures and high vibration, which can affect their accuracy.

Calibration and automatic north finding:
FOG IMUs have better long-term stability and generally require less calibration frequency to maintain accurate heading or position. The most accurate fiber optic gyro systems are so sensitive that they can determine where north is by detecting the Earth's rotation.
Due to the potential for drift over time, MEMS IMUs may require more frequent calibration to maintain accuracy. They are not sensitive enough to automatically find the exact heading unless connected to a GNSS receiver.

Integration:
FOG IMUs are typically used in larger systems that can accommodate their size and weight and meet their higher power needs.
Due to their smaller size and lower power requirements, MEMS IMUs are easier to integrate into compact devices.

Summary
The choice between a MEMS-based IMU and a FOG-based IMU will depend on the customer's specific requirements for size, weight, power and cost (SWaP-C) as well as accuracy and stability needs.
For example, Ericco's FOG IMU ER-FIMU-50 is small in size, ER-FIMU-70 is high in precision, they have a very competitive price, very hot in the market, if you want to get more technical data, please feel free to contact us.

Analysis of strapdown north finder data acquisition technology

 With the development of inertial technology, strap-down north finder has become the main trend of development because of its speed, high reliability, no need to provide geographical location information and simple structure. North finder plays an important role in military applications such as missile launching and artillery aiming. In practical engineering applications, the operating latitude of the north finder is from 53° South to 53° north. In the range of Earth latitude 0° ~ 53°, the north component of the earth's rotation angular velocity varies greatly, and the amplitude of the gyroscope output signal will have a large difference. When the sampling resistance of the signal acquisition system is fixed, the gyro data fitting curves are different in different geographical latitudes, and some geographical latitude data fitting curves will lead to data loss, which will have a certain impact on north finding.

 

1.The overall design of strap-downnorth finding system

 

The strap-down north seeking system is composed of data acquisition and processing system, turntable leveling system (inclinometer), rotation control system (servo unit), inertial measurement system (fiber optic gyro and accelerometer), temperature control system (temperature control unit), etc. The data acquisition and processing system is composed of signal acquisition module, signal processing module, data display module and data communication module, which is the central processing core of the north finder, mainly realizing the function of data acquisition and processing and calculating the north seeking angle. The signal acquisition module converts the current signal output by the gyro into voltage signal, and then converts it into digital signal through A/D. The signal processing module performs digital filtering on the gyro data, processes the gyro data and encoder data of multiple transposition positions, and calculates the north seeking angle. The data display module displays the working state and north seeking angle data of the north finder; Data communication module communicates with servo control unit, temperature control unit, electronic inclinometer, encoder and host computer through serial port, and sends and receives data.

 

2.Fiber optic gyroscope data acquisition

 

The fiber optic gyro adopts differential pulse output mode. The output of each gyro consists of positive and negative pulses. The pulse frequency varies with the carrier's angular velocity. The range is 0~2MHZ and the pulse width is 250ns. How to ensure that the pulse is not lost is very important, so the design of high frequency and reliable pulse counting to count the output pulse of the gyroscope, in order to prevent the interference of the peak jitter pulse, the gyro pulse is firstly filtered and shaped in the front end of the pulse counter module, and then the level frequency doubling sampling is adopted, because the sampling triggered by the pulse rising edge or falling edge will produce false triggering, and the reliability is low.

 

The update frequency of IMU data in the north finder is 100 Hz, that is, the gyroscope data sampling period is 10ms. When the 10ms interrupt signal rises, the positive and negative counters will be subtraction to obtain the gyroscope data. The result will be temporarily stored in the register, and the counter will be cleared to zero to start the next count. The gyro data in the register is sent to the data RAM for DSP reading when the 10ms interrupt signal falls along the edge. In addition, in order to improve sampling accuracy of the system, oversampling technology is adopted during sampling, that is, a large number of gyro data are collected within each sampling period, and then used for azimuth solution after smoothing and filtering.

 

In order to verify the correctness and reliability of the design of the pulse counter, a signal generator is used to generate pulse signals, which are connected to the pulse acquisition port of the data acquisition unit, the number of pulses generated by the signal generator is collected in a fixed period of time, and sent to the computer through the serial port. The experimental results are shown in Table 1, where the pulse width is 80ns, the amplitude is 3.3V, and the sampling time is 10ms.

It can be seen from the measurement diagram that the number of pulses sent by the signal generator and the number of pulses collected 1 verify the correctness of the design of the pulse counter. The output of the accelerometer is converted into A pulse signal after A/D conversion, which is similar to the gyroscope data acquisition, and will not be repeated.

 

3.Serial port expansion

 

The IMU and attitude data need to be sent to the upper control microcomputer through the serial port. The DSP chip in this system has only one synchronous serial port, so it is necessary to design an asynchronous serial port. For the extension of DSP synchronous to asynchronous serial port, the traditional method is to use special asynchronous communication devices to achieve. Based on the abundant I/O resources of FPGA, this paper uses Verilog language to describe UART and realize the conversion of synchronous and asynchronous protocols, which not only simplifies the hardware circuit but also reduces the burden of DSP. At the same time, using FPGA to design the serial port can reduce the cost and volume of the system and has the advantages of easy transplantation and upgrading.

 

Conclusion

 

From the perspective of practical application, this paper introduces the system design in detail, aiming at the requirement of real-time, reliability and precision, multi-channel data acquisition unit of north seeker. Based on the data acquisition technology of north seeker, Ericco continues to improve its own technology, if you are interested, welcome to check our specific products, among which ER-FNS-03 solves the expensive characteristics of traditional FOG north finder with the advantage of low cost, ER-MNS-05 and ER-MNS-06 combine with MEMS technology, manufacture a small medium and high precision north finder, welcome to your understanding.

The full article can be seen: https://www.ericcointernational.com/application/analysis-of-strapdown-north-finder-data-acquisition-technology.html

Application of Gyroscope Theodolite in Measurement of Long Underground Wires

https://www.ericcointernational.com/application/application-of-gyroscope-theodolite-in-measurement-of-long-underground-wires.html

The gyro-theodolite is an instrument that combines a gyroscope and a theodolite. Because it is not limited by time and environment, and its observation is simple, convenient and efficient, it can ensure high orientation accuracy (the error of one orientation is between 5" and 2' ), that is, except for high latitude (usually above 75°) areas on the earth, the true meridian position of any point on the ground or underground and the geodetic azimuth angle of any survey line can be measured, and the orientation accuracy is not affected by altitude. In addition to being used for detection In addition to core and alternative geometric orientation, the direction-attached conductor can also be formed by appropriately adding gyro directional edges on long branch conductors to improve conductor point accuracy.

Characteristics and principles of gyro-theodolite

1.Characteristics of gyroscopic theodolite

The gyro-theodolite is a high-precision measuring instrument that is widely used in geodetic surveying, engineering surveying, aerial photogrammetry and other fields. Its characteristics are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

 

1.1 High precision: The gyro-theodolite has extremely high precision and can accurately measure angles and directions, providing reliable data support for all types of measurement work.

1.2 Good stability: The instrument has a stable structure, is less susceptible to external interference, and can maintain high measurement accuracy in complex environments.

1.3 Easy to operate: The gyro-theodolite is reasonably designed and easy to operate. Even people without professional training can get started quickly.

1.4 High degree of automation: Modern gyro-theodolite often integrates automatic control systems, which can realize automatic leveling, automatic recording and other functions, greatly improving work efficiency.

1.5 Wide scope of application: Gyro-theodolite is not only suitable for land measurements, but also for maritime and aerial measurements, and has strong adaptability.

2.Principle of gyro-theodolite

The working principle of the gyro theodolite is based on the fixed axis and precession of the gyroscope. A gyroscope is a device that uses the rotation characteristics of a gyroscope to measure angular velocity. It mainly consists of a gyroscope rotor, a bracket and a measurement system.

 

2.1 Fixed axis: The fixed axis of the gyroscope means that when there is no external moment, the rotation axis of the gyro rotor will remain unchanged in the inertial space or rotate at a constant speed around a fixed point. This is the basis for the stable operation of the gyro-theodolite.

2.2 Precession: When the rotor axis of the gyroscope is acted upon by an external moment, the rotor axis will precess around a fixed axis perpendicular to the axis of the external moment, which generates a precession angular velocity. By measuring this precession angular velocity, the magnitude and direction of the external torque can be indirectly derived.

 

In a gyro theodolite, the gyroscope is used to measure the component of the earth's rotation angular velocity on the vertical axis of the instrument, thereby determining the angle between the vertical axis of the instrument and the geographical North Pole axis, that is, the latitude angle. At the same time, by observing the precession of the gyroscope's rotation axis in the horizontal plane, the angle between the geographical meridian direction and the vertical axis of the instrument, that is, the longitude angle, can be measured.

3.Precision orientation method of gyro-theodolite

The precision orientation methods of gyro-theodolite mainly include the reversal point method and the mid-heaven method.

 

The reversal point method uses a gyro-theodolite to track and observe the horizontal dial readings when the swinging index line (gyro axis) repeatedly reaches the east and west reversal points, and determines the true north direction of the station through calculation. This method requires keeping the instrument stable during the observation process to ensure accurate readings.

Figure 1 Observation using the reversal point method

 

The Zhongtian Rule is to first determine the approximate north direction by observing the operation of the gyroscope axis, and then continuously read and record the time when the swinging indicator line (gyro axis) repeatedly passes through the zero line of the reticle plate, and reaches the east and west reversal points. The horizontal dial reading at the time. Through calculation, the correction number of the approximate north direction can be obtained, and then the true north direction of the station can be determined. This method requires precise control of observation times and readings to obtain accurate orientation results.

Figure 2 Observation using the reversal point method

 

Summarize

To sum up, the gyro theodolite achieves high-precision measurement of geographical coordinates by utilizing the gyro's fixed axis and precession properties. In theoretical research and practice, the following consensus has been gradually reached on the number of additional gyroscopic edges: adding gyroscopic edges in long underground wires can effectively control and reduce lateral errors and improve accuracy. Compared with the azimuth angle without additional measurement of the gyro side, the accuracy gain is larger. When one additional side is measured, the gain is 50% to 60%; when three additional sides are measured, the gain is 75% to 80%. If there are more than 3 gyro edges, the gain is not obvious. From the perspective of improving accuracy and measuring personnel's workload, it is appropriate to measure 1 to 2 more gyro edges.

As the accuracy of gyroscopes gradually improves, the advantages of gyroscope orientation will become more obvious, and their application in underground engineering conductors such as mines and tunnels will become more common. ERICCO's gyro theodolite, such as ER-GT-02 and ER-GT-03:

 

ER-GT-02 (≤3.6") Features:

1. Orienteering accuracy ≤3.6" (1σ);
2. Pit interference ability is strong, integrated fuselage design, compact structure, stable performance;
3. Has the functions of low lock, automatic zero observation and etc.

 

ER-GT-03 (≤30")Features:

1. Orienteering accuracy ≤30" (1σ);
2. Volume (no theodolite) ≤Φ200mm×h490mm.

 

Welcome to learn more, please contact us.

The Ultimate Precision Sensor Fiber Optic Gyroscope

 

1.Use light to calculate movement

Based on the Sagnac effect, fiber optic gyroscopes are passive systems that use light to calculate motion. Rotational motion is measured by sending the same laser beam in opposite directions through a long fiber optic coil. A laser beam in the opposite direction of rotation experiences a slightly shorter path delay than other beams. Measuring the phase shift between the two beams reveals the change in direction. Ericco's fiber-optic inertial navigation system consists of three FOG gyroscopes that measure rotation on three different axes of freely rotating objects in three dimensions. Ericco fully grasps the technology through vertical integration, has end-to-end control over the quality of the fiber optic gyro, and the control and adaptability of the product performance is the guarantee of quality and excellence.
Ericco has extensive experience in all markets, making full use of its inertial navigation experience in various markets. As a result, you have gained extensive knowledge and experience of FOG technology used in the field. As a result, our company is able to continuously develop and adapt its advanced algorithms to meet the changing requirements of our customers' daily operations.

2. Fiber optic gyro performance

We offer unmatched performance, scalable technology for all types of applications. The performance of the fiber optic gyroscope can be changed by changing the length and diameter of its coil, (we all know that the accuracy of the fiber optic gyroscope is determined by the length of the fiber, the longer the fiber length, the diameter is naturally large, the higher the accuracy, on the contrary, the accuracy is low). This enables it to adapt to a wide range of performance requirements. By pushing the technical limits of the optical components used in the FOG gyro, performance can also be further improved.

Because Ericco has complete control of all the components integrated into its systems, from its own fibers and components, to accelerometers and algorithms, the company can push the limits of FOG technology and take it to new performance peaks.
Fiber optic gyroscopes offer unparalleled reliability and are truly solid state passive systems. In fact, fiber optic gyro technology does not involve any movement of mechanical parts, will not cause jitter, vibration, friction, resulting in component wear and noise. This ensures many benefits for the user: acoustic stealth, system robustness (forget when you turn it on), cost effectiveness and the lowest cost on the market.
Fiber-optic gyroscopes offer unrivalled reliability, operating as a single component and relying solely on light motion, resistant to external interference such as shock, extreme temperature, magnetism or vibration. That's why fiber optic gyroscopes are equipped with systems that operate in extreme environments or expect sensors with high resistance: satellites, strategic submarines, long-range artillery, extreme deep water robots, and vehicles.

3. Summary

Ericco has a single axis, two axis, three axis profiled fiber optic gyro. Medium precision is very popular, and the application field is also very wide, such as optical pods, flight control platforms, inertial navigation systems, inertial measurement units, platform stabilizers, positioning systems, north finder, high precision measurement, navigation systems and servo systems. For example, ER-FOG-50 (0.2~2.0º/h), ER-FOG-60 (0.06~0.5º/h), ER-FOG-70 (0.05~0.8º/h), the parentheses are the zero-bias stability of fiber optic gyroscope. As we all know, zero-bias stability is one of the important indicators to evaluate the performance of a gyroscope. These are our hot selling products, they have a small size, light weight, pure solid, because there is no friction and moving parts, so long service life, if you are interested in any of our fiber optic gyro, want to get more technical data, please feel free to contact us.

What is a Fiber Optic Rate Gyroscope?

 

1. Basic knowledge of gyroscope

A gyroscope is a device that can sense direction and angular speed. The simplest type of gyroscope is based on a rotating wheel that is fixed to the frame - many people think of it as a children's toy. Even if the frame around the wheel rotates, angular momentum keeps the direction of the wheel the same.
With the development of flying machines (airplanes and rockets) in the 20th century, gyroscopes were no longer just toys. The reason for this is that flying vehicles have navigational requirements that ground vehicles or even ships do not. That is, they can rotate and move freely in all three dimensions. Therefore, the pilot needs to constantly know the direction of the vehicle on the three axes to control the aircraft.
Unmanned rockets and missiles have further requirements. These aircraft need to know their direction and position without the need for human pilots to monitor them. The solution is the Inertial Guidance System (IGS). IGS uses gyroscopes to sense direction and angular motion to continuously control the vehicle and calculate its distance from the starting point.

2. What is a fiber optic rate gyroscope?

Fiber optic rate gyroscope (FOG) is a high precision rotating sensor. They are used in navigation and guidance systems for aircraft, spacecraft, ships and other vehicles. They sense rotation by measuring the interference of laser light propagating within the fiber coil.

 

3. Advantages of fiber optic gyroscope

The first gyroscopes were mechanical - a motor-driven rotating rotor and various sensors to read angular speed and direction information and provide it to a human pilot or IGS. These mechanical gyroscopes are relatively large and heavy. Their performance can be affected by vibration and require frequent calibration.
The interferometric fiber optic rate gyroscope was developed to overcome the limitations of mechanical gyroscopes. They use fiber coils, coherent light sources, and photodetectors to sense rotation instead of mechanical rotors. This results in smaller, lighter and more accurate systems.
Inside the FOG, the light source is split into two beams before entering the fiber coil. Two beams of light are coupled to opposite ends of the fiber so that one beam travels in a clockwise direction and the other in a counterclockwise direction.
If the coil rotates about its axis, the two beams will undergo a phase shift relative to each other. This is called the Sagnac effect. When the two beams leave the fiber, they recombine. Any phase shift creates interference fringes in the combined beam. The detector senses this pattern to determine the angular speed of rotation. Typically, three coils (each mounted at right angles to the other two) are used to sense rotation on all three axes simultaneously.
But all of these different design forms have fairly similar requirements for the fiber optic coil at the center of the system. In particular, certain parameters are critical to the normal performance of the FOG. The most important are insertion loss, polarization extinction ratio (PER) and wavelength-dependent loss. Winding accuracy and packaging quality are also important.
To achieve good performance in these areas requires the ability to tightly control the manufacture of the fiber itself, as well as the process of winding it into a coil. In particular, the fiber coil must be wound in a perfectly symmetrical manner (so that a beam traveling in the opposite direction experiences the same conditions). In addition, it is also important to minimize the mechanical stress in the wound fiber.

4. FOG at work

FOG offers several significant advantages over conventional gyroscopes and even other non-mechanical technologies. For one thing, FOG is very sensitive and can detect very small rotational motions - angular velocities with a resolution of a few nanoradians per second. That's orders of magnitude better than a mechanical gyroscope. As a result, they provide more precise navigation and guidance.
In addition, FOG is relatively free from vibration and electromagnetic interference, and has a long service life and low maintenance requirements. This makes them useful in a variety of "harsh" environments or places where device access is limited. This includes spaceborne applications as well as inertial measurement systems for offshore and underwater vehicles and equipment.
Due to its high sensitivity and accuracy, FOG is also commonly used to stabilize fixed structures. For example, FOG can measure the rotating motion of structures such as Bridges, buildings, or antenna platforms and feed the data back to a control system that compensates for any movement. This helps to maintain the stability of the structure, especially in strong winds or earthquake conditions.

5. Summary

In short, the FOG is a high-precision and accurate rotation sensor with a wide range of applications. They are free from electromagnetic interference, relatively immune to vibration, have a long service life, low maintenance requirements, and are relatively small and lightweight. This makes them ideal for use in navigation, guidance and control systems for aircraft, ships and ground vehicles. In addition, they are useful in industrial automation and robotics.
Ericco's ER-FOG-851, ER-FOG-910 are two very popular fiber optic rate gyroscopes, with fast start, simple operation, easy to use and other characteristics, widely used in INS, IMU, positioning system, north finding system, platform stability and other fields. If you would like more technical data, please feel free to contact us.